In the ever-evolving field of information security, curiosity and continuous learning drive innovation.
This blog series is tailored for those deeply engaged in experimental projects, leveraging Rust's capabilities to push the boundaries of what's possible. The focus on Rust, after exploring various programming languages, has led to the creation of several cutting-edge projects that are highlighted in this report.
One such project is Windows UEFI Blue Pill Type-1 Hypervisor in Rust (Codename: Illusion), which exemplifies the advanced use of virtualization technology for security research. Additionally, Windows Kernel Blue Pill Type-2 Hypervisor in Rust (Codename: Matrix) represents another significant innovation. The interest in hypervisor development was sparked by the increasing use of virtualization technology in malware research and game hacking, which are domains that have seen significant innovation due to the availability of hypervisor solutions. These projects have lowered the barrier of entry, enabling the more widespread use of hypervisors in both malware research and game hacking to bypass anti-cheat mechanisms. This trend, combined with other notable projects like the Windows UEFI Bootkit in Rust (Codename: RedLotus) and the Windows Kernel Rootkit in Rust (Codename: Eagle), naturally led to further exploration of the potential of hypervisors.
The ongoing cat-and-mouse game between malware authors and antivirus (AV) and endpoint detection and response (EDR) systems mirrors the battle between game hackers and anti-cheat systems. With hypervisors becoming a popular tool for evasion, anti-cheat systems have adapted by focusing on generic virtualization detections, such as timing-based attacks.
While the infosec community continues to rediscover malware techniques that game hackers have used for years, these hackers often employ more advanced and less commonly discussed methods. These techniques, often obtained through reverse engineering anti-cheats or driven by a passion for gaming and research, include hypervisor development, direct memory access (DMA) attacks, and attacking Hyper-V (often on the allowlist of security software), as well as leveraging Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) boot kits to inject tools and gain an advantage in games. These sophisticated techniques can also be abused by malware authors. As virtualization-based security (VBS) becomes more prevalent, with features like Hyper-V's Virtual Trust Level 1 (VTL1) and Secure Kernel, it won't be long before these methods appear in the wild. Technologies like Intel VT-d input-output memory management unit (IOMMU) can help prevent DMA attacks by restricting DMA access to specific memory regions, while Intel VT-rp can prevent Extended Page Table (EPT) remapping attacks, providing robust protection against these advanced techniques.
In this blog series, we will explore the technical details of hypervisor development, starting with the basics and gradually progressing to more advanced topics. We will cover concepts like hypervisor-assisted hooking, memory virtualization using EPTs, reverse engineering and debugging obfuscated software, and various detection and mitigation techniques used in the field. Additionally, advanced techniques like Intel Processor Trace (PT) and how hypervisors can enhance malware research and reverse engineering efforts will also be examined.
Join us as we navigate the fascinating world of hypervisors, armed with Rust, to uncover the secrets of virtualization and its role in security research.
This article covers the development of Windows UEFI Blue Pill Type-1 Hypervisor in Rust (Codename: Illusion) and Windows Kernel Blue Pill Type-2 Hypervisor in Rust (Codename: Matrix). We utilized the x86 crate and its documentation (which helped simplify the code. It’s important to note that while these hypervisors are blue pill (offensive security), they can easily be converted for red pill (defensive security) needs, such as fuzzing, reverse engineering/debugging, and other purposes, since the fundamentals remain the same.
Hypervisor development is processor-specific, but once we understand the fundamentals, it becomes easier to create hypervisors for other processors. We will start with Intel Virtualization Technology (Intel VT-x) hypervisor development and may eventually cover AMD Virtualization (AMD-V), also known as AMD Secure Virtual Machine (SVM).
A hypervisor, also known as a virtual machine monitor (VMM), is software, firmware, or hardware that creates and runs virtual machines (VMs). The physical machine running the hypervisor is called the host, while the VMs are called guests. The hypervisor provides a virtual operating platform for guest operating systems (OSes) and manages their execution.
Hypervisors have a wide range of applications, including:
1. Security Solutions
2. Offensive and Defensive Research
3. Reverse Engineering /Debugging: Analyzing software to understand its functionality, especially obfuscated software
Type 1 vs. Type 2 Hypervisors
Full-Fledged vs. Pass-Through Hypervisors
UEFI-Based vs. Kernel Module-Based Pass-Through Hypervisors
|
Type |
Advantages |
Disadvantages |
|
UEFI-based |
· Easier to understand VT |
· Requires system reboot for installation |
|
Kernel module-based |
|
· Constrained by OS security policies |
Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM)
A VMM serves as a host and has complete control over the platform’s processor(s) and other hardware. It allows guest software to run directly on a logical processor by providing an abstraction of a virtual processor, maintaining control over input/output (I/O), interrupt handling, physical memory, and processor resources Guest Software.
Guest software runs inside a VM controlled by a VMM or hypervisor. Each VM supports an OS stack and application software as a guest software environment. Each VM runs independently, with a standard interface to the platform’s hardware resources.
VMX operation is a mode that allows a VMM to control transitions between the host's standard operating mode and the guest's virtualized mode. The processor's virtualization technology supports these transitions, enabling efficient control and isolation of virtual machines.
VMX Root and Non-Root Operation
VMX operation involves two modes:
1. VMX Root Operation:
2. The host system operates in VMX root mode.**VMX Non-Root Operation**:
VMX transitions are essential for switching between VMX root and non-root modes:
Control and Isolation
VMX operation provides robust mechanisms for controlling and isolating guest software:
Privilege Levels
VMX operation supports running guest software at its original privilege level (CPL 0), simplifying the development and management of virtualized environments while maintaining integrity and isolation.
Life Cycle of Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) Software
VM ENTRY and VM EXIT
These low-level hardware operations allow the VMM to enter and leave the execution mode of VMs. Other operations, such as VMXON and VMXOFF, enable and disable VMX operation, respectively.
Figure 1. Interaction of a VMM and guests (Source: Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual: 24.4 LIFE CYCLE OF VMM SOFTWARE).
1. Entering VMX Operation: The VMM enters VMX operation by executing a VMXON instruction.
2.**VM Entries: The VMM uses VM entries to launch VMs using instructions such as VMLAUNCH and VMRESUME.
3. VM Exits: These instructions transfer control back to the VMM, allowing it to handle operations and then return to the VM.
4. Exiting VMX Operation: The VMM eventually exits VMX operation by executing the VMXOFF instruction.
A VMCS is used by the VMM to manage and control the execution of virtual machines. It contains the VM's state, settings for the virtual processor, and the mapping between virtual and physical resources. Setting up the VMCS requires understanding several prerequisites, which we will cover in detail before diving into the actual setup process.
VMCS Instructions
Figure 2. States of VMCS X (Source: Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual: 24.5 VIRTUAL-MACHINE CONTROL STRUCTURE).
Before developing a hypervisor, it's crucial to verify if the CPU is Intel ("GenuineIntel") and supports Virtual Machine Extension (VMX). This verification can be done using the CPUID instruction, which reveals information about the processor's features.
Figure 3. Information returned by CPUID instruction** (Source: Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual: 24.6 DISCOVERING SUPPORT FOR VMX).
To identify if the CPU vendor is Intel, refer to the following layout for the CPUID registers when EAX is set to 0. This will return the ASCII string "GenuineIntel" in the EBX, ECX, and EDX registers:
· CPUID EBX, ECX, and EDX Register Layout:
```EBX: "Genu"ECX: "ntel"EDX: "ineI"```
Figure 4. Information returned by CPUID instruction (Source: Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual: Table 3-17. Information Returned by CPUID Instruction).
CPUID ECX Register Layout
To visualize the required settings for checking VMX support, refer to the following diagram for the CPUID register, specifically focusing on the ECX register when EAX is set to 1:
```| 31-6 | 5 (VMX) | 4-0 || ... | 1 | ... |```
Figure 5. Feature information returned in the ECX register** (Source: Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual: Table 3-19. Feature Information Returned in the ECX Register).
Checking for VMX Support in Rust
This code checks if the CPU is from Intel and supports VMX operation by using the CPUID instruction.
```rust/// Verifies the CPU is from Intel.////// # Returns////// Returns `Ok(())` if the CPU vendor is GenuineIntel, otherwise `Err(HypervisorError::CPUUnsupported)`.fn has_intel_cpu() -> Result<(), HypervisorError> {let cpuid = x86::cpuid::CpuId::new();if let Some(vi) = cpuid.get_vendor_info() {if vi.as_str() == "GenuineIntel" {return Ok(());}}Err(HypervisorError::CPUUnsupported)}/// Checks for Virtual Machine Extension (VMX) support on the CPU.////// # Returns////// Returns `Ok(())` if VMX is supported, otherwise `Err(HypervisorError::VMXUnsupported)`.fn has_vmx_support() -> Result<(), HypervisorError> {let cpuid = x86::cpuid::CpuId::new();if let Some(fi) = cpuid.get_feature_info() {if fi.has_vmx() {return Ok(());}}Err(HypervisorError::VMXUnsupported)}```
Explanation of the Rust Code
Function: `has_intel_cpu()`:Detailed Steps to Enable VMX Operation
1. Set CR4.VMXE (Enable VMX in control register 4):
· The `CR4` register controls several CPU operations. To enable VMX, we need to set bit 13 (`VMXE`), which allows VMX instructions to be executed.
```| 31-14 | 13 (VMXE) | 12-0 || ... | 1 | ... |```
2. Configure IA32_FEATURE_CONTROL MSR:
```| 63-3 | 2 (VMXON_OUTSIDE_SMX) | 1 (VMXON_IN_SMX) | 0 (Lock Bit) || ... | 1 | 1 | 1 |```
Figure 6. Enabling VMX operation (Source: Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual: 24.7 ENABLING AND ENTERING VMX OPERATION).
Here's the Rust code to enable VMX operation, following the steps described above. The code sets the `CR4.VMXE` bit to enable VMX and configures the `IA32_FEATURE_CONTROL` MSR to lock the settings and allow VMXON outside SMX mode.
```rust/// Enables VMX operation by setting the VMX-enable bit in CR4.////// Sets the CR4_VMX_ENABLE_BIT to enable VMX operations, preparing the processor to enter VMX operation mode.pub fn enable_vmx_operation() {const CR4_VMX_ENABLE_BIT: usize = 13;let mut cr4 = Cr4::read_raw();cr4.set_bit(CR4_VMX_ENABLE_BIT, true);unsafe { Cr4::write_raw(cr4) };}/// Adjusts the IA32_FEATURE_CONTROL MSR to set the lock bit and enable VMXON outside SMX if necessary.////// # Returns////// Returns `Ok(())` if the MSR is successfully adjusted, or a `HypervisorError` if the lock bit is set but VMXON outside SMX is disabled.pub fn adjust_feature_control_msr() -> Result<(), HypervisorError> {const VMX_LOCK_BIT: u64 = 1 << 0;const VMXON_OUTSIDE_SMX: u64 = 1 << 2;let ia32_feature_control = unsafe { msr::rdmsr(msr::IA32_FEATURE_CONTROL) };if (ia32_feature_control & VMX_LOCK_BIT) == 0 {unsafe { msr::wrmsr(msr::IA32_FEATURE_CONTROL, VMXON_OUTSIDE_SMX | VMX_LOCK_BIT | ia32_feature_control) };} else if (ia32_feature_control & VMXON_OUTSIDE_SMX) == 0 {return Err(HypervisorError::VMXBIOSLock);}Ok(())}```
Explanation of the Rust Code
Function: `enable_vmx_operation()`:
Function: `adjust_feature_control_msr()`:
To ensure that VMX operation works as intended, specific bits in the control registers (`CR0` and `CR4`) must be set or cleared to particular values. VMXON will fail if any of these bits have unsupported values when the system is in virtualization mode. A general-protection exception will occur if one of these bits is ever set to an unsupported value while VMX operation is in progress. We need to consult the VMX capability MSRs `IA32_VMX_CR0_FIXED0`, `IA32_VMX_CR0_FIXED1`, `IA32_VMX_CR4_FIXED0`, and `IA32_VMX_CR4_FIXED1` to determine which bits in the `CR0` and `CR4` registers are fixed and how they should be set.
CR0 and CR4 Restrictions
VMX Capability MSRs
Adjusting Control Registers in Rust
To adjust the `CR0` and `CR4` registers for virtualization, we implement functions that ensure the mandatory bits are set and cleared appropriately. The `set_cr0_bits()` function sets the mandatory bits in `CR0` while clearing the mandatory zero bits, and the `set_cr4_bits()` function does the same for `CR4`.
Figure 7. Restrictions on VMX operation (Source: Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual: 24.8 RESTRICTIONS ON VMX OPERATION).
The VMX capability MSRs `IA32_VMX_CR0_FIXED0`, `IA32_VMX_CR0_FIXED1`, `IA32_VMX_CR4_FIXED0`, and `IA32_VMX_CR4_FIXED1` provide information about which bits in the CR0 and CR4 registers are fixed. These bits must be set or cleared to specific values for VMX operation.
Figure 8. VMX-fixed bits in CR0 and CR4 (Source: Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual: A.7 and A.8).
These functions read the values stored in the `IA32_VMX_CR0_FIXED0`, `IA32_VMX_CR0_FIXED1`, `IA32_VMX_CR4_FIXED0`, and `IA32_VMX_CR4_FIXED1` Model-Specific Registers (MSRs) to determine which bits should be set and cleared.
The `from_bits_truncate()` function ensures that the bit values fit within the `Cr0` and `Cr4` types. The OR bitwise operator sets the mandatory bits, while the AND bitwise operator clears the mandatory zero bits. Finally, the resulting value is written back to the `CR0` or `CR4` register using the `cr0_write()` or `cr4_write()` functions.
Here’s the Rust code to adjust the control registers:
```rust/// Sets and clears mandatory bits in CR0 as required for VMX operation.////// Adjusts CR0 based on the fixed0 and fixed1 MSRs to ensure that all required bits for VMX operation are correctly set.pub fn set_cr0_bits() {let ia32_vmx_cr0_fixed0 = unsafe { msr::rdmsr(msr::IA32_VMX_CR0_FIXED0) };let ia32_vmx_cr0_fixed1 = unsafe { msr::rdmsr(msr::IA32_VMX_CR0_FIXED1) };let mut cr0 = unsafe { controlregs::cr0() };cr0 |= controlregs::Cr0::from_bits_truncate(ia32_vmx_cr0_fixed0 as usize);cr0 &= controlregs::Cr0::from_bits_truncate(ia32_vmx_cr0_fixed1 as usize);unsafe { controlregs::cr0_write(cr0) };}/// Modifies CR4 to set and clear mandatory bits for VMX operation.////// Uses the IA32_VMX_CR4_FIXED0 and IA32_VMX_CR4_FIXED1 MSRs to adjust CR4, ensuring the processor meets the requirements for VMX operation.pub fn set_cr4_bits() {let ia32_vmx_cr4_fixed0 = unsafe { msr::rdmsr(msr::IA32_VMX_CR4_FIXED0) };let ia32_vmx_cr4_fixed1 = unsafe { msr::rdmsr(msr::IA32_VMX_CR4_FIXED1) };let mut cr4 = Cr4::read_raw();cr4 |= ia32_vmx_cr4_fixed0;cr4 &= ia32_vmx_cr4_fixed1;unsafe { Cr4::write_raw(cr4) };}```
Explanation of the Rust Code
Function: `set_cr0_bits()`:- OR Operation (|=): Sets the bits that must be 1 according to `IA32_VMX_CR0_FIXED0`.
- AND Operation (&=): Clears the bits that must be 0 according to `IA32_VMX_CR0_FIXED1`.
Function: `set_cr4_bits()`:
Before allowing VMX activity, we must allocate a memory region called the VMXON region, which will be used by the logical processor for VMX operation. The operand for the VMXON instruction is the physical address of this area.
The VMXON pointer must adhere to certain specifications, such as being 4KB-aligned and not exceeding the processor’s physical address width. We must use a different region for each logical processor and write the VMCS revision identification (VMCS ID) to the VMXON region before VMXON is executed. Unpredictable behavior may emerge from accessing or altering the VMXON region of a logical processor between the execution of VMXON and VMXOFF.
Figure 9. VMXON region (Source: Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual: 25.11.5 VMXON Region).
ASCII Diagram of VMXON Region
```+---------------------+| VMXON Region ||---------------------|| Revision ID (u32) ||---------------------|| Data (bytes) || (4KB - 4) |+---------------------+```
This code defines a struct for the VMXON region and initializes it for VMX operations. It ensures the VMXON region is aligned and sets the necessary revision ID.
```rust/// A representation of the VMXON region in memory.////// The VMXON region is essential for enabling VMX operations on the CPU./// This structure offers methods for setting up the VMXON region, enabling VMX operations,/// and performing related tasks.////// Reference: Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual: 25.11.5 VMXON Region#[repr(C, align(4096))]pub struct Vmxon {/// Revision ID required for VMXON.pub revision_id: u32,/// Data array constituting the rest of the VMXON region.pub data: [u8; BASE_PAGE_SIZE - 4],}impl Vmxon {/// Initializes the VMXON region.pub fn init(&mut self) {self.revision_id = rdmsr(msr::IA32_VMX_BASIC) as u32;self.revision_id.set_bit(31, false);}}```
Explanation of the Rust Code
Struct: `Vmxon`:
This full code example includes functions to initialize and manage the VMXON region, set the necessary control registers, and enable VMX operations on Intel CPUs.
```rust//! Provides structures and functions for initializing and managing the VMXON region for VMX operations.//!//! This crate includes the `Vmxon` struct, which is essential for hypervisor development, enabling VMX operations on Intel CPUs.//! It covers setting up the VMXON region, adjusting necessary control registers, and handling model-specific registers to meet Intel's virtualization requirements.use {crate::{error::HypervisorError, intel::support::rdmsr},bitfield::BitMut,x86::{controlregs, current::paging::BASE_PAGE_SIZE, msr},x86_64::registers::control::Cr4,};/// A representation of the VMXON region in memory.////// The VMXON region is essential for enabling VMX operations on the CPU./// This structure offers methods for setting up the VMXON region, enabling VMX operations,/// and performing related tasks.////// Reference: Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual: 25.11.5 VMXON Region#[repr(C, align(4096))]pub struct Vmxon {/// Revision ID required for VMXON.pub revision_id: u32,/// Data array constituting the rest of the VMXON region.pub data: [u8; BASE_PAGE_SIZE - 4],}impl Vmxon {/// Initializes the VMXON region.pub fn init(&mut self) {self.revision_id = rdmsr(msr::IA32_VMX_BASIC) as u32;self.revision_id.set_bit(31, false);}/// Enables VMX operation by setting the VMX-enable bit in CR4.////// Sets the CR4_VMX_ENABLE_BIT to enable VMX operations, preparing the processor to enter VMX operation mode.pub fn enable_vmx_operation() {const CR4_VMX_ENABLE_BIT: usize = 13;let mut cr4 = Cr4::read_raw();cr4.set_bit(CR4_VMX_ENABLE_BIT, true);unsafe { Cr4::write_raw(cr4) };}/// Adjusts the IA32_FEATURE_CONTROL MSR to set the lock bit and enable VMXON outside SMX if necessary.////// # Returns////// Returns `Ok(())` if the MSR is successfully adjusted, or a `HypervisorError` if the lock bit is set but VMXON outside SMX is disabled.pub fn adjust_feature_control_msr() -> Result<(), HypervisorError> {const VMX_LOCK_BIT: u64 = 1 << 0;const VMXON_OUTSIDE_SMX: u64 = 1 << 2;let ia32_feature_control = unsafe { msr::rdmsr(msr::IA32_FEATURE_CONTROL) };if (ia32_feature_control & VMX_LOCK_BIT) == 0 {unsafe { msr::wrmsr(msr::IA32_FEATURE_CONTROL, VMXON_OUTSIDE_SMX | VMX_LOCK_BIT | ia32_feature_control) };} else if (ia32_feature_control & VMXON_OUTSIDE_SMX) == 0 {return Err(HypervisorError::VMXBIOSLock);}Ok(())}/// Sets and clears mandatory bits in CR0 as required for VMX operation.////// Adjusts CR0 based on the fixed0 and fixed1 MSRs to ensure that all required bits for VMX operation are correctly set.pub fn set_cr0_bits() {let ia32_vmx_cr0_fixed0 = unsafe { msr::rdmsr(msr::IA32_VMX_CR0_FIXED0) };let ia32_vmx_cr0_fixed1 = unsafe { msr::rdmsr(msr::IA32_VMX_CR0_FIXED1) };let mut cr0 = unsafe { controlregs::cr0() };cr0 |= controlregs::Cr0::from_bits_truncate(ia32_vmx_cr0_fixed0 as usize);cr0 &= controlregs::Cr0::from_bits_truncate(ia32_vmx_cr0_fixed1 as usize);unsafe { controlregs::cr0_write(cr0) };}/// Modifies CR4 to set and clear mandatory bits for VMX operation.////// Uses the IA32_VMX_CR4_FIXED0 and IA32_VMX_CR4_FIXED1 MSRs to adjust CR4, ensuring the processor meets the requirements for VMX operation.pub fn set_cr4_bits() {let ia32_vmx_cr4_fixed0 = unsafe { msr::rdmsr(msr::IA32_VMX_CR4_FIXED0) };let ia32_vmx_cr4_fixed1 = unsafe { msr::rdmsr(msr::IA32_VMX_CR4_FIXED1) };let mut cr4 = Cr4::read_raw();cr4 |= ia32_vmx_cr4_fixed0;cr4 &= ia32_vmx_cr4_fixed1;unsafe { Cr4::write_raw(cr4) };}}```
Before we execute VMXON, we need to combine all the functions we have created to set up the VMXON region and configure the necessary control registers and MSRs. Here's the Rust code to achieve this:
```rust/// Activates the VMXON region to enable VMX operation.////// Sets up the VMXON region and executes the VMXON instruction. This involves configuring control registers,/// adjusting the IA32_FEATURE_CONTROL MSR, and validating the VMXON region's revision ID to ensure the CPU is ready/// for VMX operation mode.////// # Returns////// Returns `Ok(())` on successful activation, or an `Err(HypervisorError)` if any step in the activation process fails.pub fn activate_vmxon(&mut self) -> Result<(), HypervisorError> {trace!("Setting up VMXON region");self.setup_vmxon()?;trace!("VMXON region setup successfully!");trace!("Executing VMXON instruction");vmxon(&self.vmxon_region as *const _ as _);trace!("VMXON executed successfully!");Ok(())}/// Prepares the system for VMX operation by configuring necessary control registers and MSRs.////// Ensures that the system meets all prerequisites for VMX operation as defined by Intel's specifications./// This includes enabling VMX operation through control register modifications, setting the lock bit in/// IA32_FEATURE_CONTROL MSR, and adjusting mandatory CR0 and CR4 bits.////// # Returns////// Returns `Ok(())` if all configurations are successfully applied, or an `Err(HypervisorError)` if adjustments fail.fn setup_vmxon(&mut self) -> Result<(), HypervisorError> {trace!("Enabling Virtual Machine Extensions (VMX)");Vmxon::enable_vmx_operation();trace!("VMX enabled");trace!("Adjusting IA32_FEATURE_CONTROL MSR");Vmxon::adjust_feature_control_msr()?;trace!("IA32_FEATURE_CONTROL MSR adjusted");trace!("Setting CR0 bits");Vmxon::set_cr0_bits();trace!("CR0 bits set");trace!("Setting CR4 bits");Vmxon::set_cr4_bits();trace!("CR4 bits set");Ok(())}```
Explanation of the Rust Code
Function: `activate_vmxon()`:The VMXON instruction updates flag registers to indicate the result of the operation. Here's how it works for VMXON:
Success: All flags (`CF`, `PF`, `AF`, `ZF`, `SF`, `OF`) are cleared (set to `0`).
Failure:
```pseudoVMsucceed:CF := 0;PF := 0;AF := 0;ZF := 0;SF := 0;OF := 0;VMfailInvalid:CF := 1;PF := 0;AF := 0;ZF := 0;SF := 0;OF := 0;VMfailValid:CF := 0;PF := 0;AF := 0;ZF := 1;SF := 0;OF := 0;```
Figure 10. Conventions (Source: Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual: 31.2 CONVENTIONS).
To execute the VMXON instruction, we pass the physical address of the VMXON region to it. The `vmxon` function takes a pointer to the VMXON region and initiates VMX operation mode.
For certain error conditions, the VM-instruction error field is loaded with an error number to indicate the source of the error. Here are some common error numbers related to VMXON:
Figure 11. VM instruction error numbers (Source: Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual: 31.4 VM INSTRUCTION ERROR NUMBERS).
· 1: VMXON executed in VMX root operation
· 14: VMXON executed in VMX root operation
We can use these error numbers for detailed error handling. However, for simplicity, we can use `.unwrap()`, `.expect()`, or `panic()` and print a message if the `vmxon` function fails. Note that the `vmx_capture_status` function in the x86 crate already handles checking the VMXON instruction results for us. This function reads the relevant flags and returns appropriate error results based on the state of the flags.
```rustfn vmx_capture_status() -> Result<()> {let flags = rflags::read();if flags.contains(RFlags::FLAGS_ZF) {Err(VmFail::VmFailValid)} else if flags.contains(RFlags::FLAGS_CF) {Err(VmFail::VmFailInvalid)} else {Ok(())}}/// Enable VMX operation.////// `addr` specifies a 4KB-aligned physical address of VMXON region initialized/// in accordance with Intel SDM, Volume 3C, Section 24.11.5.////// # Safety/// Needs CPL 0.pub unsafe fn vmxon(addr: u64) -> Result<()> {asm!("vmxon ({0})", in(reg) &addr, options(att_syntax));vmx_capture_status()}```
Explanation of the Rust Code
Function: `vmx_capture_status()`:
In this first part of our series on hypervisor development in Rust, we've laid the groundwork for more advanced topics by exploring the basics of enabling VMX operation on Intel processors. We covered fundamental concepts and initial setup, preparing you for the next steps involved in hypervisor development.
Stay tuned for the next parts, where we will cover the basics and eventually dive into more advanced topics like hypervisor-assisted hooking, memory virtualization using Extended Page Tables (EPT), and Intel Processor Trace (PT). We will also explore setting up an environment to test this code, UEFI- and kernel-based modules, and the essential concepts related to logical (virtual) processors and cores.
Join me as we continue to uncover the secrets of virtualization and its role in security research. Stay tuned for more!
Acknowledgments, References, and Motivation